Class: RDF::Writer Abstract

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Extended by:
Enumerable, Util::Aliasing::LateBound
Includes:
Util::Logger, Writable
Defined in:
lib/rdf/writer.rb

Overview

This class is abstract.

The base class for RDF serializers.

Examples:

Loading an RDF writer implementation

require 'rdf/ntriples'

Iterating over known RDF writer classes

RDF::Writer.each { |klass| puts klass.name }

Obtaining an RDF writer class

RDF::Writer.for(:ntriples)     #=> RDF::NTriples::Writer
RDF::Writer.for("spec/data/output.nt")
RDF::Writer.for(file_name:      "spec/data/output.nt")
RDF::Writer.for(file_extension: "nt")
RDF::Writer.for(content_type:   "application/n-triples")

Instantiating an RDF writer class

RDF::Writer.for(:ntriples).new($stdout) { |writer| ... }

Serializing RDF statements into a file

RDF::Writer.open("spec/data/output.nt") do |writer|
  graph.each_statement do |statement|
    writer << statement
  end
end

Serializing RDF statements into a string

RDF::Writer.for(:ntriples).buffer do |writer|
  graph.each_statement do |statement|
    writer << statement
  end
end

Detecting invalid output

logger = Logger.new([])
RDF::Writer.for(:ntriples).buffer(logger: logger) do |writer|
  statement = RDF::Statement.new(
    RDF::URI("https://rubygems.org/gems/rdf"),
    RDF::URI("http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator"),
    nil)
  writer << statement
end # => RDF::WriterError
logger.empty? => false

See Also:

Direct Known Subclasses

NTriples::Writer, Vocabulary::Writer

Constant Summary

Constants included from Util::Logger

Util::Logger::IOWrapper

Instance Attribute Summary collapse

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from Util::Aliasing::LateBound

alias_method

Methods included from Writable

#<<, #insert, #insert_graph, #insert_reader, #insert_statements, #writable?

Methods included from Util::Coercions

#coerce_statements

Methods included from Util::Logger

#log_debug, #log_depth, #log_error, #log_fatal, #log_info, #log_recover, #log_recovering?, #log_statistics, #log_warn, #logger

Constructor Details

#initialize(output = $stdout, **options) {|writer| ... } ⇒ Writer

Initializes the writer.

Parameters:

  • output (IO, File) (defaults to: $stdout) —

    the output stream

  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    any additional options

Options Hash (**options):

  • :encoding (Encoding, String, Symbol) —

    the encoding to use on the output stream. Defaults to the format associated with content_encoding.

  • :canonicalize (Boolean) — default: false —

    whether to canonicalize terms when serializing

  • :validate (Boolean) — default: false —

    whether to validate terms when serializing

  • :prefixes (Hash) — default: Hash.new —

    the prefix mappings to use (not supported by all writers)

  • :base_uri (#to_s) — default: nil —

    the base URI to use when constructing relative URIs (not supported by all writers)

  • :unique_bnodes (Boolean) — default: false —

    Use unique Node identifiers, defaults to using the identifier which the node was originall initialized with (if any). Implementations should ensure that Nodes are serialized using a unique representation independent of any identifier used when creating the node. See NTriples::Writer#format_node

  • :accept_params (Hash{Symbol => String}) —

    Parameters from ACCEPT header entry for the media-range matching this writer.

  • :version (String) —

    Parse a specific version of RDF ("1.1', "1.2", or "1.2-basic"")

Yields:

  • (writer) —

    self

Yield Parameters:

Yield Returns:

  • (void) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 295

def initialize(output = $stdout, **options, &block)
  @output, @options = output, options.dup
  @nodes, @node_id, @node_id_map  = {}, 0, {}

  # The rdfstar option implies version 1.2, but can be overridden
  @options[:version] ||= "1.2" if @options[:rdfstar]

  unless self.version.nil? || RDF::Format::VERSIONS.include?(self.version)
    log_warn("Expected version to be one of #{RDF::Format::VERSIONS.join(', ')}, was #{self.version}")
  end

  if block_given?
    write_prologue
    case block.arity
      when 1 then block.call(self)
      else instance_eval(&block)
    end
    write_epilogue
  end
end

Instance Attribute Details

#options ⇒ Hash (readonly)

Any additional options for this writer.

Returns:

  • (Hash)

Since:

  • 0.2.2



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 321

def options
  @options
end

Class Method Details

.accept?(accept_params) {|accept_params| ... } ⇒ Boolean

Use parameters from accept-params to determine if the parameters are acceptable to invoke this writer. The accept_params will subsequently be provided to the writer instance.

Examples:

rejecting a writer based on a profile

JSON::LD::Writer.accept?(profile: "http://www.w3.org/ns/json-ld#compacted http://example.org/black-listed")
  # => false

Parameters:

  • accept_params (Hash{Symbol => String})

Yields:

  • (accept_params) —

    if a block is given, returns the result of evaluating that block

Yield Parameters:

  • accept_params (Hash{Symbol => String})

Returns:

  • (Boolean)

See Also:



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 179

def accept?(accept_params)
  block_given? ? yield(accept_params) : true
end

.buffer(*args, **options) {|writer| ... } ⇒ String

Buffers output into a string buffer.

Parameters:

  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    passed to #initialize

Yields:

  • (writer)

Yield Parameters:

Yield Returns:

  • (void)

Returns:

  • (String)

Raises:

  • (ArgumentError) —

    if no block is provided



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 222

def self.buffer(*args, **options, &block)
  raise ArgumentError, "block expected" unless block_given?

  StringIO.open do |buffer|
    self.new(buffer, *args, **options) do |writer|
      buffer.set_encoding(writer.encoding)
      block.call(writer)
    end
    buffer.string
  end
end

.dump(data, io = nil, **options)

This method returns an undefined value.

Parameters:

  • data (RDF::Enumerable, #each) —

    the graph or repository to dump

  • io (IO, File, String) (defaults to: nil) —

    the output stream or file to write to

  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    passed to #initialize or buffer



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 192

def self.dump(data, io = nil, **options)
  io = File.open(io, 'w') if io.is_a?(String)
  method = data.respond_to?(:each_statement) ? :each_statement : :each
  if io
    new(io, **options) do |writer|
      io.set_encoding(writer.encoding) if io.respond_to?(:set_encoding)
      data.send(method) do |statement|
        writer << statement
      end
      writer.flush
    end
  else
    buffer(**options) do |writer|
      data.send(method) do |statement|
        writer << statement
      end
    end
  end
end

.each {|klass| ... } ⇒ Enumerator

Enumerates known RDF writer classes.

Yields:

  • (klass)

Yield Parameters:

  • klass (Class)

Yield Returns:

  • (void) —

    ignored

Returns:

  • (Enumerator) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 63

def self.each(&block)
  RDF::Format.map(&:writer).reject(&:nil?).each(&block)
end

.for(format) ⇒ Class .for(filename) ⇒ Class .for(options = {}) ⇒ Class

Finds an RDF writer class based on the given criteria.

Overloads:

  • .for(format) ⇒ Class

    Finds an RDF writer class based on a symbolic name.

    Parameters:

    • format (Symbol)

    Returns:

    • (Class)
  • .for(filename) ⇒ Class

    Finds an RDF writer class based on a file name.

    Parameters:

    • filename (String)

    Returns:

    • (Class)
  • .for(options = {}) ⇒ Class

    Finds an RDF writer class based on various options.

    Parameters:

    • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) (defaults to: {})

    Options Hash (options):

    • :file_name (String, #to_s) — default: nil
    • :file_extension (Symbol, #to_sym) — default: nil
    • :content_type (String, #to_s) — default: nil

    Returns:

    • (Class)

Returns:

  • (Class) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 92

def self.for(*arg, &block)
  case arg.length
  when 0 then arg = nil
  when 1 then arg = arg.first
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "Format.for accepts zero or one argument, got #{arg.length}."
  end
  arg = arg.merge(has_writer: true) if arg.is_a?(Hash)
  if format = self.format || Format.for(arg)
    format.writer
  end
end

.format(klass = nil) ⇒ Class Also known as: format_class

Retrieves the RDF serialization format class for this writer class.

Returns:

  • (Class) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 109

def self.format(klass = nil)
  if klass.nil?
    Format.each do |format|
      if format.writer == self
        return format
      end
    end
    nil # not found
  end
end

.open(filename, format: nil, **options, &block) ⇒ RDF::Writer

Writes output to the given filename.

Parameters:

  • filename (String, #to_s)
  • format (Symbol) (defaults to: nil) —

    (nil)

  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    any additional options (see #initialize and Format.for)

Returns:



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 242

def self.open(filename, format: nil, **options, &block)
  File.open(filename, 'wb') do |file|
    format_options = options.dup
    format_options[:file_name] ||= filename
    self.for(format || format_options).new(file, **options) do |writer|
      file.set_encoding(writer.encoding)
      block.call(writer)
    end
  end
end

.options ⇒ Array<RDF::CLI::Option>

Options suitable for automatic Writer provisioning.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 123

def self.options
  [
    RDF::CLI::Option.new(
      symbol: :canonicalize,
      datatype: TrueClass,
      control: :checkbox,
      on: ["--canonicalize"],
      description: "Canonicalize input/output.") {true},
    RDF::CLI::Option.new(
      symbol: :encoding,
      datatype: Encoding,
      control: :text,
      on: ["--encoding ENCODING"],
      description: "The encoding of the input stream.") {|arg| Encoding.find arg},
    RDF::CLI::Option.new(
      symbol: :prefixes,
      datatype: Hash,
      multiple: true,
      control: :none,
      on: ["--prefixes PREFIX,PREFIX"],
      description: "A comma-separated list of prefix:uri pairs.") do |arg|
        arg.split(',').inject({}) do |memo, pfxuri|
          pfx,uri = pfxuri.split(':', 2)
          memo.merge(pfx.to_sym => RDF::URI(uri))
        end
    end,
    RDF::CLI::Option.new(
      symbol: :unique_bnodes,
      datatype: TrueClass,
      control: :checkbox,
      on: ["--unique-bnodes"],
      description: "Use unique Node identifiers.") {true},
    RDF::CLI::Option.new(
      symbol: :version,
      control: :select,
      datatype: RDF::Format::VERSIONS, # 1.1, 1.2, or 1.2-basic
      on: ["--version VERSION"],
      description: "RDF Version."),
  ]
end

.to_sym ⇒ Symbol

Returns a symbol appropriate to use with RDF::Writer.for()

Returns:

  • (Symbol) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 256

def self.to_sym
  self.format.to_sym
end

Instance Method Details

#base_uri ⇒ RDF::URI

Returns the base URI used for this writer.

Examples:

writer.prefixes[:dc]  #=> RDF::URI('http://purl.org/dc/terms/')

Returns:

Since:

  • 0.3.4



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 331

def base_uri
  RDF::URI(@options[:base_uri]) if @options[:base_uri]
end

#canonicalize? ⇒ Boolean

Note:

This is for term canonicalization, for graph/dataset canonicalization use RDF::Normalize.

Returns true if terms should be in canonical form.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) —

    true or false

Since:

  • 1.0.8



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 416

def canonicalize?
  @options[:canonicalize]
end

#encoding ⇒ Encoding

Returns the encoding of the output stream.

Returns:

  • (Encoding) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 389

def encoding
  case @options[:encoding]
  when String, Symbol
    Encoding.find(@options[:encoding].to_s)
  when Encoding
    @options[:encoding]
  else
    @options[:encoding] ||= Encoding.find(self.class.format.content_encoding.to_s)
  end
end

#escaped(string) ⇒ String (protected)

Parameters:

  • string (String)

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 641

def escaped(string)
  string.gsub('\\', '\\\\\\\\').
         gsub("\b", '\\b').
         gsub("\f", '\\f').
         gsub("\t", '\\t').
         gsub("\n", '\\n').
         gsub("\r", '\\r').
         gsub('"', '\\"')
end

#flush ⇒ self Also known as: flush!

Flushes the underlying output buffer.

Returns:

  • (self) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 424

def flush
  @output.flush if @output.respond_to?(:flush)
  self
end

#format_list(value, **options) ⇒ String

This method is abstract.

Parameters:

  • value (RDF::List)
  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    = ({})

Returns:

  • (String)

Since:

  • 0.2.3



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 591

def format_list(value, **options)
  format_term(value.subject, **options)
end

#format_literal(value, **options) ⇒ String

This method is abstract.

Parameters:

  • value (RDF::Literal, String, #to_s)
  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    = ({})

Returns:

  • (String)

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) —

    unless implemented in subclass



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 581

def format_literal(value, **options)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class}#format_literal") # override in subclasses
end

#format_node(value, **options) ⇒ String

This method is abstract.

Parameters:

  • value (RDF::Node)
  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    = ({})

Options Hash (**options):

  • :unique_bnodes (Boolean) — default: false —

    Serialize node using unique identifier, rather than any used to create the node.

Returns:

  • (String)

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) —

    unless implemented in subclass



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 561

def format_node(value, **options)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class}#format_node") # override in subclasses
end

#format_term(term, **options) ⇒ String

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (String)

Since:

  • 0.3.0



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 541

def format_term(term, **options)
  case term
    when String         then format_literal(RDF::Literal(term, **options), **options)
    when RDF::List      then format_list(term, **options)
    when RDF::Literal   then format_literal(term, **options)
    when RDF::URI       then format_uri(term, **options)
    when RDF::Node      then format_node(term, **options)
    when RDF::Statement then format_tripleTerm(term, **options)
    else nil
  end
end

#format_tripleTerm(value, **options) ⇒ String

This method is abstract.

Formats a referenced triple term.

Examples:

<<<s> <p> <o>>> <p> <o> .

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (String)

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) —

    unless implemented in subclass



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 606

def format_tripleTerm(value, **options)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class}#format_tripleTerm") # override in subclasses
end

#format_uri(value, **options) ⇒ String

This method is abstract.

Parameters:

  • value (RDF::URI)
  • options (Hash{Symbol => Object}) —

    = ({})

Returns:

  • (String)

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) —

    unless implemented in subclass



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 571

def format_uri(value, **options)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class}#format_uri") # override in subclasses
end

#node_id ⇒ String (protected)

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 634

def node_id
  "_:n#{@node_id += 1}"
end

#prefix(name, uri) ⇒ RDF::URI #prefix(name) ⇒ RDF::URI Also known as: prefix!

Defines the given named URI prefix for this writer.

Examples:

Defining a URI prefix

writer.prefix :dc, RDF::URI('http://purl.org/dc/terms/')

Returning a URI prefix

writer.prefix(:dc)    #=> RDF::URI('http://purl.org/dc/terms/')

Overloads:

  • #prefix(name, uri) ⇒ RDF::URI

    Parameters:

    • name (Symbol, #to_s)
    • uri (RDF::URI, #to_s)
  • #prefix(name) ⇒ RDF::URI

    Parameters:

    • name (Symbol, #to_s)

Returns:



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 379

def prefix(name, uri = nil)
  name = name.to_s.empty? ? nil : (name.respond_to?(:to_sym) ? name.to_sym : name.to_s.to_sym)
  uri.nil? ? prefixes[name] : prefixes[name] = uri
end

#prefixes ⇒ Hash{Symbol => RDF::URI}

Returns the URI prefixes currently defined for this writer.

Examples:

writer.prefixes[:dc]  #=> RDF::URI('http://purl.org/dc/terms/')

Returns:

Since:

  • 0.2.2



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 343

def prefixes
  @options[:prefixes] ||= {}
end

#prefixes=(prefixes) ⇒ Hash{Symbol => RDF::URI}

Defines the given URI prefixes for this writer.

Examples:

writer.prefixes = {
  dc: RDF::URI('http://purl.org/dc/terms/'),
}

Parameters:

Returns:

Since:

  • 0.3.0



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 358

def prefixes=(prefixes)
  @options[:prefixes] = prefixes
end

#puts(*args) (protected)

This method returns an undefined value.



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 614

def puts(*args)
  @output.puts(*args.map {|s| s.encode(encoding)})
end

#quoted(string) ⇒ String (protected)

Parameters:

  • string (String)

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 654

def quoted(string)
  "\"#{string}\""
end

#to_sym ⇒ Symbol

Returns a symbol appropriate to use with RDF::Writer.for()

Returns:

  • (Symbol) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 263

def to_sym
  self.class.to_sym
end

#uri_for(term) ⇒ String (protected)

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 621

def uri_for(term)
  case
    when term.is_a?(RDF::Node)
      @nodes[term] ||= term.to_base
    when term.respond_to?(:to_uri)
      term.to_uri.to_s
    else
      term.to_s
  end
end

#validate? ⇒ Boolean

Returns true if statements and terms should be validated.

Returns:

  • (Boolean) —

    true or false

Since:

  • 1.0.8



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 405

def validate?
  @options[:validate]
end

#version ⇒ String

Returns the RDF version determined by this reader.

Examples:

writer.version  #=> "1.2"

Returns:

  • (String)

Since:

  • 3.3.4



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 438

def version
  @options[:version]
end

#write_comment(text) ⇒ self

This method is abstract.

Parameters:

  • text (String)

Returns:

  • (self) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 465

def write_comment(text)
  self
end

#write_epilogue ⇒ self

This method is abstract.

Returns:

  • (self)

Raises:



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 454

def write_epilogue
  if log_statistics[:error].to_i > @logged_errors_at_prolog
    raise RDF::WriterError, "Errors found during processing"
  end
  self
end

#write_prologue ⇒ self

This method is abstract.

Returns:

  • (self) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 445

def write_prologue
  @logged_errors_at_prolog = log_statistics[:error].to_i
  self
end

#write_statement(statement) ⇒ self Also known as: insert_statement

Note:

logs error if attempting to write an invalid Statement or if canonicalizing a statement which cannot be canonicalized.

Add a statement to the writer. This will check to ensure that the statement is complete (no nil terms) and is valid, if the :validation option is set.

Additionally, it will de-duplicate BNode terms sharing a common identifier.

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (self) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 477

def write_statement(statement)
  statement = statement.canonicalize! if canonicalize?

  # Make sure BNodes in statement use unique identifiers
  if statement.node?
    statement.to_quad.map do |term|
      if term.is_a?(RDF::Node)
        term = term.original while term.original
        @nodes[term] ||= begin
          # Account for duplicated nodes
          @node_id_map[term.to_s] ||= term
          if !@node_id_map[term.to_s].equal?(term)
            # Rename node
            term.make_unique!
            @node_id_map[term.to_s] = term
          end
        end
      else
        term
      end
    end
    statement = RDF::Statement.from(statement.to_quad)
  end

  if statement.incomplete?
    log_error "Statement #{statement.inspect} is incomplete"
  elsif validate? && statement.invalid?
    log_error "Statement #{statement.inspect} is invalid"
  elsif respond_to?(:write_quad)
    write_quad(*statement.to_quad)
  else
    write_triple(*statement.to_triple)
  end
  self
rescue ArgumentError => e
  log_error e.message + " at #{e.backtrace.first}"
end

#write_triple(subject, predicate, object) ⇒ self

This method is abstract.
Note:

logs error if attempting to write an invalid Statement or if canonicalizing a statement which cannot be canonicalized.

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (self)

Raises:

  • (NotImplementedError) —

    unless implemented in subclass



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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 533

def write_triple(subject, predicate, object)
  raise NotImplementedError.new("#{self.class}#write_triple") # override in subclasses
end

#write_triples(*triples) ⇒ self

Note:

logs error if attempting to write an invalid Statement or if canonicalizing a statement which cannot be canonicalized.

Parameters:

Returns:

  • (self) 


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# File 'lib/rdf/writer.rb', line 520

def write_triples(*triples)
  triples.each { |triple| write_triple(*triple) }
  self
end